应用混合网格分析复杂积冰翼型气动性能

通过发展一种点-点对接的结构/非结构混合网格生成方法,避免了复杂积冰外形难以划分结构化网格的问题,并对复杂积冰翼型的气动性能进行了分析计算.在靠近积冰边界的内层采用了非结构网格以拟合复杂的边界,在非结构网格外采用结构化网格以节省存储空间和计算时间.为了检验网格对选用湍流模型的影响,整个流动区域分别采用SST和SA湍流模型,求解了雷诺平均N-S方程.数值计算结果表明SST模型更适于模拟复杂分离流动,积冰对翼型的气动性能造成了严重的影响.     

航天器高超声速气动力的数值计算

本文把航天器的外形用数以百计的平面四边形元素来近似。利用高超声速绕流时面积元素之间的干扰可忽略的假设,分别计算出各面积元素的气动力,积分后得出航天器的气动力,算例的结果是令人满意的。本文也描述了航天器表面网格的生成技术和计算机绘制航天器在不同视角下外形图的原理。本文方法可供航天器初步气动设计时用。     

锯齿形格尼襟翼气动性能的实验研究

用低速风洞测力试验和襟翼处绕流的PIV测量试验研究锯齿形格尼襟翼在不同偏角下的增升效益.结果表明:锯齿形格尼襟翼能明显提高翼型的升力系数和大升力系数下的翼型升阻比,对于给定的襟翼弦长,存在一个最佳的襟翼偏角,在此偏角下,翼型升阻比不仅在大升力系数下有明显提高,而且在中小升力系数时升阻比也有一定的提高.PIV测量表明从锯齿形格尼襟翼的齿边向上卷起的流向涡使上翼面后部气流向翼型表面吸附,推迟了上翼面气流的分离.     

共轴式直升机半差动航向操纵的动态响应分析

根据经典的垂直飞行涡流理论及共轴式直升机半差动航向操纵的结构特征,推导了共轴双旋翼直升机垂直飞行的航向动力学方程.运用有关共轴双旋翼在悬停及垂直飞行状态时气动特性的理论和实验数据,得出了共轴双旋翼直升机垂直飞行航向动力学方程的解析式.分析结果与该型直升机飞行特性一致.     

先进战斗机过失速机动模型飞行试验技术

具有过失速机动能力的战斗机在近距空战中能够取得快速占位、先敌瞄准、有效规避攻击的战术优势,是先进战斗机的标志性性能要求。模型飞行试验技术作为空气动力学研究三大手段之一,在解决飞行器技术难题、实现技术创新方面发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了中国空气动力研究与发展中心利用带动力自主控制模型飞行试验平台发展的过失速机动模型飞行试验技术,以及开展的先进战斗机构型典型过失速机动模型飞行试验,分述了在大迎角非定常气动建模、宽量程气流系参数测量、大迎角非线性控制、推力矢量控制、大迎角非定常气动参数辨识方面的研究工作与解决这些关键问题的技术途径。通过此项研究,在国内首次实现了先进战斗机构型缩比模型典型过失速机动飞行,相关研究成果可为先进战斗机实现过失速机动飞行能力提供有力的技术支撑。     

基于超声速有益干扰原理的气动构型概念综述

超声速有益干扰气动设计概念于20世纪30年代提出，其基本思想是利用飞行器部件间的波系干扰获得诸如增升或减阻等性能收益。此概念在20世纪50~60年代得到了大量探索并部分实现了工程应用，在20世纪70年代至世纪末陷入沉寂。近年来，随着超声速运输机和高超声速飞行器技术的复兴，超声速有益干扰概念重新得到重视并有望得到工程应用。本文梳理了超声速有益干扰气动设计概念的发展历史，总结了应用超声速有益干扰原理的典型构型，如超声速双翼机、Flat-top构型、环翼和半环翼构型、伞翼构型、高压捕获翼构型等，并对典型构型的基本原理和气动特点进行了分析。对超声速有益干扰设计概念的未来进行了展望，概述了亟待研究的相关问题。     

Measuring atmospheric density using GPS–LEO tracking data

We present a method to estimate the total neutral atmospheric density from precise orbit determination of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. We derive the total atmospheric density by determining the drag force acting on the LEOs through centimeter-level reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking data. The precision of the estimated drag accelerations is assessed using various metrics, including differences between estimated along-track accelerations from consecutive 30-h POD solutions which overlap by 6 h, comparison of the resulting accelerations with accelerometer measurements, and comparison against an existing atmospheric density model, DTM-2000. We apply the method to GPS tracking data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C, Jason-2, TerraSAR-X and COSMIC satellites, spanning 12 years (2001–2012) and covering orbital heights from 400 km to 1300 km. Errors in the estimates, including those introduced by deficiencies in other modeled forces (such as solar radiation pressure and Earth radiation pressure), are evaluated and the signal and noise levels for each satellite are analyzed. The estimated density data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C and TerraSAR-X are identified as having high signal and low noise levels. These data all have high correlations with anominal atmospheric density model and show common features in relative residuals with respect to the nominal model in related parameter space. On the contrary, the estimated density data from COSMIC and Jason-2 show errors larger than the actual signal at corresponding altitudes thus having little practical value for this study. The results demonstrate that this method is applicable to data from a variety of missions and can provide useful total neutral density measurements for atmospheric study up to altitude as high as 715 km, with precision and resolution between those derived from traditional special orbital perturbation analysis and those obtained from onboard accelerometers.     

自转旋翼机飞行性能理论建模技术

为研究自转旋翼机的飞行性能理论建模技术,基于基本分析法和配平分析法,对自转旋翼机整机需用功率的建模方法进行了研究,并研究了自转旋翼机的桨盘迎角特性、升阻特性以及自转旋翼桨叶剖面迎角分布特性等。研究表明:建立的基本分析法和配平分析法计算模型均可以准确计算自转旋翼机的整机需用功率和自转旋翼桨盘迎角,两种方法均可用于自转旋翼机飞行性能的分析;小速度时整机需用功率主要来自于自转旋翼功率,大速度时机身废阻功率成为整机需用功率的主要来源;适当增加总距可以提高自转旋翼和整机的升阻比;在自转旋翼设计时可以对桨叶剖面翼型的展向分布进行优化,在桨根处优先采用相对不易失速的翼型以推迟失速对最大飞行速度的限制。     

Debris flux comparisons from the Goldstone Radar,Haystack Radar,and Hax Radar prior,during, and after the last solar maximum

The continual monitoring of the low Earth orbit (LEO) debris environment using highly sensitive radars is essential for an accurate characterization of these dynamic populations. Debris populations are continually evolving since there are new debris sources, previously unrecognized debris sources, and debris loss mechanisms that are dependent on the dynamic space environment. Such radar data are used to supplement, update, and validate existing orbital debris models. NASA has been utilizing radar observations of the debris environment for over a decade from three complementary radars: the NASA JPL Goldstone radar, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL) Long Range Imaging Radar (known as the Haystack radar), and the MIT/LL Haystack Auxiliary radar (HAX). All of these systems are highly sensitive radars that operate in a fixed staring mode to statistically sample orbital debris in the LEO environment. Each of these radars is ideally suited to measure debris within a specific size region. The Goldstone radar generally observes objects with sizes from 2 mm to 1 cm. The Haystack radar generally measures from 5 mm to several meters. The HAX radar generally measures from 2 cm to several meters. These overlapping size regions allow a continuous measurement of cumulative debris flux versus diameter from 2 mm to several meters for a given altitude window. This is demonstrated for all three radars by comparing the debris flux versus diameter over 200 km altitude windows for 3 nonconsecutive years from 1998 to 2003. These years correspond to periods before, during, and after the peak of the last solar cycle. Comparing the year to year flux from Haystack for each of these altitude regions indicate statistically significant changes in subsets of the debris populations. Potential causes of these changes are discussed. These analysis results include error bars that represent statistical sampling errors.     

考虑几何设计参数不确定性影响的涡轮叶栅稳健性气动设计优化

外形偏差是典型的叶片气动不确定性影响因素，考虑几何设计参数不确定性影响的叶片稳健性气动设计优化（RADO）有助于提高叶片平均气动性能及气动稳健性。首先，介绍RADO的基本原理及实现方法，采用基于灵敏度分析的叶片气动不确定性量化方法计算叶片目标气动函数的统计值，并实现目标函数对设计参数的梯度计算。然后，开展考虑设计参数不确定性影响的HS1A跨声速涡轮叶栅RADO研究，降低总压损失系数的统计均值及方差；通过与确定性气动设计优化（DADO）对比，揭示RADO在改善优化叶片气动稳健性方面的有效性和优越性。最后，对叶片进行流场统计分析，进一步揭示气动外形优化设计对降低总压损失系数敏感度的影响机理。